Atmosphere (3)

(part three of four)

I once knew a woman who had grown up in a nonreligious family, and who remained an atheist into adulthood. Then, when she was about 30, some combination of circumstances brought her to visit an Eastern Orthodox church. In the church, she saw a painted icon whose eyes dripped tears of fragrant oil. She was incredibly moved by this experience. She returned to the church, soaked up some of the oil in a wad of cotton, and kept it in a small glass jar. Eventually, she converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith.

I found this chain of events incomprehensible. I had always known her as an intelligent, sensible person. Surely, I said to her, there was some earthly cause, some scientific explanation, for the icon’s tears.

“You weren’t there,” she said simply. Naturally, she said, her first thought had been that this was some sort of trick. But she could find no physical source for the tears, and no way they could have passed through the eyes of the icon. More important, there was evidently something undetectable by the senses — something in the atmosphere of that church — that penetrated deep inside of her and was able to overcome her lifelong habits of mind. For her, there was no question that this weeping icon was a miracle, a tangible sign of God’s presence.

I like to think that if I were there, I could have figured out (or at least devised a reasonable hypothesis for) what was making the icon cry. But as she said, I wasn’t there. And in the absence of independent evidence, who am I to doubt the reality of what she experienced?

After all, the way each one of us looks at the world is determined by our own experience. If I prefer to view the world rationally, it’s because experience has taught me that rational thought leads to answers that I find satisfactory. But there’s no proof of the rightness of rationality, other than that it feels right. The most elementary rules of logic — that a thing must either be A or not A; if A equals B, then B equals A; and so forth — are not provable. We believe them, and build our whole scientific worldview on top of them, because they appear self-evident.

Yet if there’s something in us that recognizes the truth of these logical axioms, then why should we not trust that same internal arbiter when it recognizes truth in other places? Science can establish facts about the world, but those facts are not always sufficient to explain our experience. In our experience, there are certain things that feel unquestionably true — as undeniable as the fact that A equals A. When scientific facts and theories don’t support what feels undeniably true to us, it’s reasonable to seek alternative explanations.

I’ve met several people over the years who claimed to have psychic ability of one kind or another. None of them earned a living as a mind-reader or fortune-teller; I saw no evidence that they were engaging in intentional fraud. So far as I could tell, they genuinely believed that they had the ability to read people’s thoughts, predict the future, or do something similar.  In their experience, enough people had responded positively — “Why, yes, that’s true! How could you possibly have known that?” — that they had come to accept their talents as a fact.

I’m sure an investigator such as the late James Randi would have no reason to doubt these psychics’ sincerity, or to claim that their successful readings hadn’t occurred. He would suggest only that they’ve interpreted their experience selectively — that they tend to remember the instances in which they were right, and tend to forget (or explain away) the instances in which they were wrong.

I once heard Randi tell a story which, as I remember it, went like this: A woman claimed that she had the power to find buried or hidden gold. Randi asked her how reliable this power was, and the woman replied, “It always works, 100 percent of the time.” As a first step toward testing the woman’s claim, Randi set out five wooden boxes, one of which had a piece of gold in it, and then asked the woman to pick out the box that held the gold. The woman chose the wrong box.

“Didn’t you say you’re successful 100 percent of the time?” said Randi.

“When I have the power,” replied the woman, “it works 100 percent of the time. I guess today I didn’t have the power.”

In defining their abilities such that their claims couldn’t be proven false, Randi said, people like this woman were refusing to play by the rules of science. Their rejection of the scientific method could mean only two things: either they were out-and-out frauds, trying to outsmart him and his fellow investigators; or they were sadly ignorant.

I’m not convinced that those are the only two possibilities. Living as I do in California, I meet people who claim matter-of-factly to have done a variety of extraordinary things: they have left their bodies, traveled to past lives via hypnosis, channeled the spirits of deceased people, or communicated with spirit guides. I would once have considered them flakes or crackpots. (Sometimes, of course, I still do, if I feel they’ve lost their capacity for critical thinking and intellectual inquiry.) But over the years, I’ve encouraged myself to avoid this kind of peremptory dismissal.

After all, these people have had experiences that I haven’t had. I might want to interpret their experiences differently than they do, but I don’t have sufficient information for that: As my Eastern Orthodox friend said, “You weren’t there.” (And even if I had been there, it wouldn’t have made much difference, since most of the relevant information lies out of my reach, inside the experiencer’s body and mind.) So rather than dismiss the people who tell me such stories, I try to embrace their experiences. And sometimes I even learn from them.

(To be continued in part 4)

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Atmosphere (2)

(part two of four)

James Randi

It was taken for granted by young people in the 1960s, who would routinely describe a person as giving off “good vibrations” or “bad vibrations,” that all of us radiate — or emanate — something of ourselves. Put enough people together who are sharing a feeling or having the same experience — particularly in a place such as a theater or a church, which is designed to encourage that common experience — and those emanations build on each other and reinforce each other, creating what we might call a very strong atmosphere.

We often talk about going to a particular café or restaurant because “it has a good atmosphere.” But what we tend not to notice is the aliveness and potency of atmosphere. Think of those occasions when many people come together for a common, deeply felt purpose — a funeral, a political rally, a celebratory meal — where you can’t help but feel the atmosphere, even in moments of silence. My entrance as a mime into a darkened theater — described in part 1 of this post — gave me an opportunity to experience that kind of atmosphere in its purest and simplest form.

A few years after that mime performance, I attended a lecture by the (now sadly deceased) magician and professional skeptic James Randi. I had been a fan of Randi’s since I was a kid, when, as The Amazing Randi, he had often performed baffling illusions and Houdini-like escapes on television. By this time, he — like Houdini, late in his own career — had largely given up doing magic and had devoted himself instead to debunking the claims of self-proclaimed psychics.

Randi’s mission, he told us, was to subject all claims of supernatural powers to the cold light of the scientific method. His experience as a magician had made him intimately familiar with the tricks that fraudulent psychics could use, and he worked with scientists to design experiments that would guard against such tricks. His lecture was filled with stories about so-called clairvoyants, telepaths, and mentalists who were unable to replicate their feats under his carefully controlled laboratory conditions. When confronted with their failures, they tended to give similar excuses: “My power is sensitive to outside interference — it doesn’t work when there are nonbelievers present,” or “I just can’t relax in this hostile atmosphere.”

Randi himself professed to be agnostic about supernatural powers: he’d be perfectly willing to accept their existence if he saw convincing scientific evidence. But there had, so far, been no such evidence. And given its absence, Randi found it frustrating that people were continuing to call themselves psychics.

Like Randi, I believed then that the only way to understand the world was through reason and logic. Just as I would have dismissed anyone’s claim to have psychic abilities — because the existence of such abilities hadn’t been scientifically proven — I dismissed all belief in mysticism, spirituality, and religion. I often had debates with religious friends, trying to convince them that belief in God was irrational. (As a junior philosophy major, I wrote a paper demonstrating why God can’t logically be omniscient and omnipotent at the same time.) As an actor and a mime, I celebrated emotion, humor, beauty, spontaneity, and other irrational aspects of life; but I saw these as merely human characteristics, ultimately meaningless, with no power to lead us to what was true about the world.

It’s not surprising, therefore, that I had a hard time making sense of the experiences I’d had at the beginning of those two mime shows. I knew of nothing that could explain it. The issue must still have been on my mind when I listened to Randi’s lecture, because when it was over, I sat down and wrote him a letter. In the letter, I described what had happened and asked Randi how he would account for it. Is it possible, I asked, that people might emit some sort of vibrations or emanations, that these emanations might acquire strength in numbers, and that that’s what I was feeling when I stood there in the dark? As a performer, had he ever experienced something similar?

Randi wrote back — a bit brusquely, on a postcard — that the idea of emanations was nonsense. Whatever I was perceiving must have come to me in a perfectly conventional way, through my senses. Perhaps it was audience members’ body language, dimly visible in the dark. Perhaps there was something audible — the sound of audience members breathing, or shifting in their seats, or shuffling their feet on the floor — that communicated their feelings. Perhaps it was nothing at all — just my own state of mind that I was projecting onto the audience. In any case, there was no reason to resort to unscientific speculation.

Reading his reply, I felt both disappointed and embarrassed. I don’t know what else I could have been expecting. “Of course he’s right,” I said to myself.  But a large part of me remained unsatisfied. Randi’s reasonable explanations failed to account for the strength, the palpability, the utter realness of what I had felt on that stage.

The more I thought about it, the more I realized that a sensitivity to atmosphere had long been a part of my life. Even as a teenager, when I was fortunate enough to visit several old European cities, I was hesitant to walk into the awe-inspiring churches and cathedrals that were a standard part of the tour. There were always people worshipping inside — sometimes as part of an organized service, sometimes in private meditation — and I had the strong sensation that merely by entering the building, even if I stood quietly in the rear, I’d be interfering with their worship. My mere presence there as a tourist and a nonbeliever would pollute the atmosphere. I went inside anyway, trying to remain as invisible as possible, but nevertheless feeling that with every footstep and every breath, I was destroying something delicate and precious.

(To be continued in part 3)

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Atmosphere (1)

(part one of four)

I performed my first solo mime show near the end of my freshman year in college. It took place in a small “black-box” theater in the basement of a dorm, empty except for black-painted walls and rows of folding chairs on risers. The entire technical crew consisted of my roommate Jay (running the lights) and his girlfriend Betsy (playing musical accompaniments on a cassette tape recorder).

At curtain time — a quaint misnomer, since there was no curtain — Jay brought the house lights down and I stepped out into the darkness. An atmosphere of electric anticipation, of openness to possibility, filled the room. I took a deep breath, inhaling that atmosphere and drawing nourishment from it. When the stage lights came up, and the audience and I could see each other for the first time, I was able to launch into the show with confidence and joy.

That night was the first time I fully experienced the power of the embrace of an audience. Each movement I made was returned to me in the form of childlike laughter, or gasps of recognition, or stillness of thought and feeling. And those responses flowed into me as naturally as air or sunlight, giving me life, and letting the next movement spring forth the way a plant sprouts from soil.

The show was repeated the following night and was again well received. The student managers of the theater — who had taken a chance in booking me, an inexperienced freshman, to do a solo show — were pleased with my performance and gratified by the audience response. At the end of my two-night run, they asked whether I’d like to repeat the show for another two nights the following week. “Sure,” I said. I blanketed the campus with posters featuring a “HELD OVER!” banner across the top. The student newspaper published an article about me, including a positive review of the show. There was also, I would assume, some favorable word-of-mouth.

The following week, the theater filled up as it had the week before. Once again, Jay lowered the house lights, and I stepped out into the darkened room and took a breath. But this time, there was something wrong. The atmosphere in the theater was thick and heavy. Breathing in the darkness, I became filled not with joy and energy, but with tension and dread. When the stage lights came up, I felt fully what I was up against. These audience members were not innocent; they were not even necessarily on my side. They had seen the posters boasting “HELD OVER!” They had read about this show in the paper and heard about it from their friends. Now they were here to see it for themselves. Several of them sat with their arms crossed, as if to say, “OK, you’re supposed to be good? Show me.”

In physical terms, the performance I gave that night was barely different from the one I gave the week before. I made the same movements with my body and displayed the same facial expressions. Jay and Betsy hit their buttons on cue. But the experience of the performance, both for me and the audience, was profoundly different. Whereas the first week’s show was truthful and alive, the second week’s was forced and mechanical. In the first week’s show, the audience and I were united, sharing a common energy; in the second week, the audience and I were separate, each of us responding to the other in the ways we’d been conditioned to respond. And the show, needless to say, fell flat.

How could two experiences appear so similar and yet be so different? The easy answer might be that I was at fault — that my success during the first week made me overconfident, and that I therefore didn’t put as much spirit into my performance the second week. Or, alternatively, the audience was responsible — the second week’s audience had prejudged what they would see, and therefore lacked the openness and receptivity that the first week’s audience had had.

Both of those things may indeed be true. But I don’t think either of them provides a full explanation for what went on.

I remember the moment when I first stepped from my dressing area onto the stage. At that moment, both the audience and I were in darkness. Neither of us could see the other. Their pre-show chatter had faded into silence. I, too, was silent. They sat still in their seats; I was motionless on the stage. There was, in the conventional sense, no communication between us.

And yet, something was communicated. In the first case, it was a warm embrace; in the second, it was a cool detachment. In both cases, it was strong and tangible. It filled the room; it was in the very air I breathed. I could not question the reality of it.

(To be continued in part 2)

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For Good Measure

Every once in a while, it occurs to me that something about the world that I usually take for granted doesn’t have an immediately obvious explanation. For example, I remember asking my fourth-grade science teacher, “When you get an extension cord and plug multiple appliances into the same electric outlet, why do they all get the full amount of electricity?” Or, much more recently, asking my friend Kate, “Why is it harder to walk uphill?” (Not surprisingly, we were walking uphill at the time.)

The latest thing that I realized that I don’t understand is what a weather forecast means when it quantifies a chance of rain. When I looked this question up online, what I found was a formula for “PoP,” or “probability of precipitation” — but I couldn’t find an explanation of what the results of that formula actually mean.

To get at what bothers me, let’s start with an example having nothing to do with weather or probability: the numbers on the movie-rating site Rotten Tomatoes. It’s not unusual for a movie’s Tomatometer score — its level of approval as expressed in critics’ reviews — to go down as more critics weigh in with their opinions. For instance, the Tomatometer rating for “Wonder Woman 1984” reportedly dropped from 88% to 63% within a few weeks, and the rating for “Joker” dropped from 86% to 69% over a period of months.

I think we can all agree that if a Tomatometer score goes from 80-something to 60-something, that dip doesn’t reflect a change in the quality of the movie — after all, every frame of the movie is the same as it always was. It’s just that as more ratings come in, Rotten Tomatoes has a more comprehensive data set from which to calculate the level of approval. It’s reasonable to expect that the longer one waits after a movie comes out, the more accurately a Tomatometer score will reflect the critical consensus. That’s fine, because Rotten Tomatoes doesn’t claim to know what the ultimate level of approval will be; it just offers a snapshot of what that level currently is.

Where things get more complicated is when probability enters the picture. Probability confuses me, because incredibly unlikely events happen all the time. Supposedly, the chance of any particular person being born is about 1 in 400 trillion. However, if you were to ask me what the chance was of me being born, I would have to say it was 100%, because here I am! “Unlikely” is meaningless when applied to the past, because any past event has achieved the ultimate in likelihood — it actually happened. When we talk about the probability of past events, we’re merely talking about our inability to understand the universe in sufficient detail to predict that the event would happen.

One would think that probability makes more sense when we’re talking about the future. But when the weather forecast says that there’s a 30% chance of rain tomorrow, that’s technically a false statement. Rain is a binary proposition — either it’s going to rain tomorrow, or it isn’t. The chance of rain is either 0% or 100%, but we won’t know which one it is until tomorrow.

As the National Weather Service continually revises the chance of rain for an area, the actual chance of rain isn’t changing at all — the weather systems are playing out just as they would have. What’s changing is the recency of the data on which the forecast is based. Just as the Rotten Tomatoes score for a movie changes as more reviews come in, the weather forecast changes as further observations are made. The chance of rain may originally have been quoted as 30%, but when moisture-laden clouds are seen to be heading toward the area in question, the probability might be raised to 60%, and when the clouds turn heavy and dark, the prediction might become 90%. Eventually, actual drops of water start falling, and the chance of rain becomes 100% — at last, the correct number.

No matter what the chance of rain is originally said to be, further observations will always move the probability upward or downward until it reaches 100% or 0%. But the complex, interacting influences that produce weather still aren’t understood well enough for us to predict, with any accuracy, what those observations will be at any given moment. If that’s the case, what could that original forecast of 30% actually have meant?

So far as I can tell, to say that the chance of rain is 30% means that, at that moment in time, with our limited understanding of the functioning of weather systems, we had only a 30% chance of predicting correctly that it’s going to rain. The statement of probability turns out not to be a statement about rain at all, but a statement about the capabilities of our current science and technology.

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High Bar

I knew how to write before I knew how to read. To impress my parents, I would write long “sentences” consisting entirely of random letters. By the time I learned that the letters were supposed to spell actual words, my printing was as good as anyone’s. But then, in third grade, came cursive.

I hated cursive. I hated the way the letters looked. I hated that I had to hold the paper on a slant. I hated that I had to finish an entire word before going back to dot the i’s and cross the t’s, instead of completing one letter at a time.

Mostly, I hated that I was terrible at cursive. It was the first thing in school I’d ever been bad at. My handwriting was supposed to improve with practice, but it never did. No matter how brilliant my prose was, it persisted in looking ugly on the page.

My fifth-grade teacher was a stickler for good handwriting. He announced at the beginning of the school year that as soon as each student’s cursive reached a certain level of proficiency, that student would get to join the B-Pen Club. Being a member of the club meant that you could write your assignments in ballpoint pen — like a grownup! — instead of pencil. But by the end of the year, I was the only member of the class who had not been admitted to the B-Pen Club. I had to resign myself to the shame of writing in pencil forever.

“Forever” lasted until the first week of seventh grade, when I handed in an essay to my social-studies teacher. “You’re in junior high school,” she said, horrified. “You can’t be writing in pencil! We write in pen here.”

So I started writing in pen, but doing so always felt illicit to me. I had no right to be using a pen, because I’d never earned membership in the B-Pen Club. It never occurred to me that the B-Pen Club was just something that my fifth-grade teacher had made up, and that no other teacher would be aware of its existence. It wasn’t until I was midway through high school that I realized that nobody even cared about what kind of writing we used anymore. I cautiously tried turning in a couple of assignments using printing rather than cursive, and no teacher said a word. I felt like I had broken out of prison without any of the guards noticing.

I wonder in how many ways we continue to confine ourselves to prison cells long after the prison has ceased to exist.

I remember spending the night of my fiftieth birthday in a hotel bar in Sacramento, listening to a world-class ragtime pianist. Knowing that music — particularly ragtime music — is always better with alcohol, I ordered a Maker’s Mark, neat. (This hotel didn’t have much of a whiskey selection.) When the server brought the drink to my table, I was dismayed to see that it was in a plastic cup.

“Can I get this in a glass?” I asked.

“No,” said the server. “At this hour we only serve in plastic.”

Understand that I grew up in New York, where people express themselves loudly when a service that they’re paying for is not to their satisfaction. I was always embarrassed when a parent or relative raised a stink in a store or restaurant, and as a result, I have always done the opposite: I present myself as tolerant, understanding, and reluctant to make a fuss. (One of the reasons I moved to California is that the culture here discourages east-coast-style confrontations.) But really — whiskey in a plastic cup?

It occurred to me that I was now fifty, and perhaps had the right to be a pain in the ass once in a while.

“I don’t care what you do at this hour,” I said to the server. “I want my drink in a real glass.”

The server quickly took my cup of whiskey back to the bar. The best way to describe how I felt at that moment is liberated — no longer a prisoner of my lifelong self-conception.

I hope it doesn’t ruin the story when I add that the server returned with the same plastic cup, and told me that there really were no glasses available. But at that point, it didn’t matter, because I knew that my inner New Yorker would be there when I needed him.

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