Think (3)

(part three of three)

Most of what I need to know in life was taught to me in elementary school. I learned the general outlines of American and world history; I learned the basic facts and principles of biology and physics; I learned enough math to make whatever calculations were likely to be required in my day-to-day life. I learned how to think critically, write clearly, and use the resources of a library. All in all, what I’d learned by the time I reached adolescence seemed perfectly adequate to prepare me for adulthood. The only useful knowledge that high school added was learning how to type and how to drive.

When I started out at Princeton, it was with the assumption that I’d develop an affinity for something, and I trusted that at some point I would know what that “something” was. In the meantime, I nibbled from a buffet of introductory courses, hoping to be exposed to a maximum of new perspectives with a minimum of frustration.

Over the years, I saw the students around me get swept up by one intellectual passion or another. When I took Architecture 101, I found the course to be trivial and pointless. My friend Sarah, who took the very same course from the same professor, found it so inspiring that she decided to pursue architecture as her life’s work. My roommate Krishna, who took introductory Latin and ignominiously failed the course, fought to be allowed to take the same course again, because he really wanted to learn Latin. A biology major named Jenny planned to spend the summer doing field work in Peru, not because she was required to, but because she was particularly interested in learning about a particular species.

I waited in vain for my own inspiration to appear. Though I enviously watched the bolt of lightning strike everyone around me, it always managed to pass me by. It’s not that I lacked passion, but the real questions that concerned me were those that scholarship seemed ill equipped to pursue: Why do I exist on this planet, and what is the meaning and purpose of my life?

All Princeton had to offer in response to such questions was to tell me what people thought. Johann Sebastian Bach thought that the role of music was to glorify God. Thomas Jefferson thought that architecture ought to uplift the citizenry and inspire civic virtue. Bertolt Brecht thought that drama ought to keep audiences at an emotional distance so they could make rational judgments about the morality of the characters’ actions. The library was filled with famous people’s thoughts. But were they right? If they weren’t, who cares what these people thought?

I ended up majoring in philosophy, not because I seriously held out hope of finding definitive answers to life’s mysteries, but because philosophy at least addressed those questions straightforwardly. Unlike writers and artists, philosophers were not permitted to make things up, or to spout mere ideas and impressions; they had to justify their assertions by means of logical argument. Plus — in a tradition that began as far back as Socrates — prior learning, and the assumptions that came with it, were considered by philosophers to be a liability rather than an asset. When people asked my why I’d chosen to study philosophy, I said — sincerely — that it was because philosophy is the only field where I wouldn’t have to claim to know anything.

It quickly became clear, as I’d suspected, that there was no universal truth to be found in the philosophy department. Basically, what philosophers do (and therefore, what philosophy students do) is write papers. A philosophy paper — or journal article, or book — consists of the following elements, though not always in the same order:

  1. Summarize an argument that another philosopher has made
  2. Point out flaws in the argument
  3. Propose a variation on that argument, or a different argument altogether, that eliminates those flaws
  4. Point out possible objections to the newly proposed argument
  5. Explain why those objections are wrong

Since no philosophical argument is ever perfect, this cycle can go on continuously — and it has. So far as I know, in more than two thousand years of Western philosophy, no undisputed fact has ever been established. Philosophers are still debating arguments made by Plato in ancient Greece.

I got through Princeton, as I’d gotten through all my previous years of school, by my ability to write convincingly. Writing philosophy papers — not to mention a senior thesis — probably even improved my writing, since it trained me to be precise when I might otherwise be tempted to fudge. (Later in life, when I tried my hand at writing marketing materials, clients criticized my work for being “too clear.”) But I can’t truthfully say that studying philosophy taught me anything useful about the world.

I still value my college experience, and I’m sure my Princeton degree has opened doors for me. But I can’t say confidently that I earned that degree, or that my spot at the school might not have been made better use of by someone else. I still don’t have any answers to life’s big questions, and I’m still not convinced that institutions of higher learning are the place to find them. Perhaps the world is meant to be experienced rather than analyzed. Speaking for myself, I still get as much pleasure from a glass of good whiskey as I do from a good book.

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Think (2)

(part two of three)

I have a brother-in-law who has always surrounded himself with books. For him, the life of the mind is the only life worth living. During family visits, I would occasionally join in late-night philosophical and political discussions with him and his grown children, and they appreciated having my voice in the mix. But one night, I made the mistake of admitting that I got as much pleasure out of a glass of good whiskey as I did out of a good book. At that moment, I fell so far in my brother-in-law’s estimation that I could practically feel the temperature drop.

I was not surprised. Years before, I’d had a similar experience as a student at Princeton. Under a tree on a warm spring day, I fell into a discussion with a graduate teaching assistant who had found my work competent but completely lacking in inspiration. He asked me what I wanted to get out of life, and I replied that I just wanted to find happiness.

“Happiness!?” he said, nearly spitting out his cigar. “Where do you expect to find it, under a rock? Happiness comes from engaging deeply with something. Don’t you have any intellectual curiosity?”

Well, of course I had curiosity, but it had always driven me to find out a little bit about everything, without necessarily caring about the details. I wanted to enjoy my life. I wasn’t convinced that the road to fulfillment involved knowing more things.

“Then why are you at Princeton, of all places?” the TA asked.

It was a very good question. I’d always done well in school, but it had never been for love of the subject matter. As someone who was physically awkward and socially inept, I’d always found that being a good student was my only available route to acceptance.

Getting high grades had won me the grudging respect of my peers, supportive attention from my teachers, and expressions of love from my parents. And fortunately — through the early years of high school, at least — academic achievement came easily to me. I rarely took notes or studied for a test. Even if I didn’t understand something, my writing skills were good enough that I was able to sound like I understood it.

But when I got to my senior year in high school, the difficulty level of the coursework finally caught up to my ability, and I found myself having to struggle just like “ordinary” students. It wasn’t a motivational experience. There was nothing I wanted to know badly enough that I was willing to work at it.

Fortunately, by then I’d already accumulated a scholastic record that was good enough to get me into a top-tier college. I applied to Princeton because my parents insisted that I try for at least one Ivy League school, but I had no intention of going there. I was sure the students would be cold and stuck-up, and it seemed unlikely that I’d be able to fake my way through the coursework. I procrastinated shamelessly on the application and neglected to apply for the optional in-person interview. I subconsciously hoped that if I ignored Princeton, it would go away.

Despite my best efforts, the Princeton admissions office chose to accept me. At that point, my parents began an all-out campaign to protect me from my own sluggardliness. Their son had an opportunity to attend one of the top schools in the country — an opportunity they’d never had — and they’d be damned if they were going to let me blow it. When I showed no inclination to visit the Princeton campus, my mother dragged me to the Port Authority in New York and deposited me on a bus to central New Jersey.

Spring that year had been cold and rainy, and I’d viewed a number of other schools through a chilly, gray mist. But the day I visited Princeton, the sun shone brightly, and a warm breeze stirred the magnolia blossoms. The campus seemed like a mythic kingdom. I instantly fell in love with its Gothic architecture, its green courtyards, and its wooded sanctuaries. I chatted with a number of students who seemed warm, genuine, and astonishingly normal. I took a campus tour, and when we walked into Nassau Hall — the school’s oldest building, which had once housed the entire college — I felt my feet mold themselves to the rutted stone steps that had been worn down by generations of students walking on them. Suddenly, every other school I’d seen seemed temporary and insubstantial. I knew then that I needed to be part of that venerable chain of Princetonians.

My love for the history and physical beauty of the university never abated. Eventually, as a Princeton student, I trained to be a campus tour guide, and later became president of the student-run tour service. But my association with Princeton felt hollow without my engaging in the intellectual tradition was the main reason for the school’s existence. I was a student, but it was clear I’d never be a scholar.

(To be continued in part 3)

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Think (1)

(part one of three)

In the first semester of my freshman year at Princeton University, I took an English course called Modern Drama. Under the supervision of an apathetic graduate student, twelve of us were sitting around a table and discussing our first assigned play, Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard.

“I think Chekhov was brilliant to make such a profound social statement in the form of a farce,” said one student.

“Even though it’s a comedy, he clearly has great compassion for his characters,” said another.

I was startled. “This is my first exposure to Chekhov,” I said. “I read this play without knowing anything about it beforehand. And so, I have to say I’m surprised to hear all of you refer to it as a comedy. I had no idea it was supposed to be funny. My sense of it was that it was deeply sad.”

A second-year student glared at me from across the table. “You didn’t realize it was a comedy?” she said. “Then what did you think about all those scenes with Pishchik groveling for money? What did you think about Gayev’s ode to his bookcase? What did you think about Yepikhodov and his accidents?”

I stared back at her dumbly.

“Well?” she said, drawing herself up self-righteously. “Didn’t you think?”

Well, no, actually; I didn’t. The assignment had been to read the play; it had never occurred to me that I was supposed to think about it. So far as I knew, art — dramatic or otherwise — was something that was supposed to be experienced and responded to on a feeling level. The idea of thinking about a play seemed as absurd as thinking about a painting or a symphony.

That student’s scathing comment was my first sign that I was now living in a very different universe. At Princeton, the proper response to anything — including a painting or a symphony — was to think about it, to analyze it. We were scholars, and that’s what scholars are supposed to do.

In art classes, we would analyze the structure and iconography of a painting. In music classes, we would examine a composer’s use of harmony and counterpoint. To me, this sort of work seemed not only tedious, but irrelevant. The important questions, it seemed to me, were “Why is this painting beautiful?” or “Why does this piece of music move me?” The answers to questions like these remained beyond the reach of scholarly analysis.

Because I’d always shown a talent for writing, it was generally assumed that I’d major in English at Princeton. My experience in Modern Drama put a quick end to that expectation. Not only did I have no aptitude for analyzing a piece of literature; I failed to understand why I was supposed to analyze a piece of literature. Clearly, literature was capable of being entertaining, emotionally powerful, and even thought-provoking. But I couldn’t see how it actually mattered, and I had little patience for people who did think so. This proved to be a particular problem during my upperclass years, when I found myself in a relationship with Marcia, an English major.

In those days before word processors, when school papers were generally drafted on a legal pad, one of the responsibilities of a romantic partner was to sit through the night at a typewriter and type up each freshly handwritten page.[1] It would be three o’clock in the morning, and I’d be squinting at a paragraph that Marcia had indecipherably scribbled in the margin. “What does this say?” I’d ask her. She’d press her nose against the page and read to me what she’d written: some apparent nonsense about symbolic patterns in Dickens or figurative language in George Eliot. “Great,” I would say caustically. “That was worth asking about.”

Granted, this was not a useful attitude to take at three o’clock in the morning. But it truly bothered me that she was wasting her considerable intelligence and effort — not to mention my lost sleeping time — on work of so little consequence. “In case you didn’t realize it,” I would tell her, “the stuff in these books isn’t real. Somebody made it all up.”

Marcia had the last laugh, of course. The papers that seemed so clearly pointless to me were regarded as gold by her professors. She eventually graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. And as much as I wanted to be happy for her, what I really felt was envy.

(To be continued in part 2)


[1] This is a good time to note that Marcia has taken issue with what I said in my post “Paper Delivery.” As she remembers it, she typed my thesis. I think we’ll need to leave it to future biographers to sort this one out.

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